Design Induced Problems

1)  Norman’s explanation for how people can tell what to do when they encounter a new object (describe it and then apply the principle to the problem that you find)

Norman holds the premise that, when people first encounter objects, they may experience difficulties with using them properly and they may need instructions on how to use those object. However, some objects fail to provide adequate instructions to users. For example, some websites have the tiny click targets are so small that users miss and click outside the active area. Even if they originally perceived the associated affordance correctly, users often change their mind and start believing that something isn’t actionable because they think they clicked it and nothing happened. This is a problem people cannot overcome, when they first encounter it because they do not have options to change the size of the cursor or they do not always know how to do it and there are no instructions to it.

2)  Physical constraints

The image below reveals the example of the poor design and physical constraints that will emerge in case of the evacuation, when the fire ladder has to be used:

The design of the ladder is totally wrong and restricts the physical access to and from the ladder. In case of a fire, firefighters will not be able to use the ladder, if necessary, whereas people in the building will not be able to evacuate from the building because they will be able to evacuate from the building as they will be trapped. The physical constraint prevents the proper use of the ladder and makes it literally useless. There is no chance of using the ladder as it is supposed to be used. This is why fire can make the physical constraint of such design a death trap for people in the building, because they cannot use the latter for evacuation.

3)  Semantic constraints

The advertisement above has a very poor design and has substantial semantic constraints because creators of the ad did not take into consideration the environment of the ad. The placement of the ad in such a context and environment is misleading and violates semantic connections between the claim to quit smoking and the word school which stands just next to quit, as if the ad suggests to quit school rather than smoking. Aside of the word school, the advertisement looks good, but the placement of the advertisement in the school context makes the entire advertisement totally wrong. The violation of semantic ties leads to the development of wrong impressions that can be misleading. The misinterpretation of the ad naturally occurs because of its inappropriate context.

4)  Cultural constraints

The layout of the reveal card is confusing. The font and the positioning of the text should have made things easier, not harder. The card makes substantial cultural constraints because the use of the 2nd and 1st naturally implies that the 1st is actually the first, whereas the card suggests that the first or the winner is just at the end of the list on the right side of the card. In such a way, the winner just stays aside and does not into consideration the cultural tradition and the possible interpretation of the enumeration of runner ups and the winner. The misplacement of the order of nominees is misleading for a reader. The cultural tradition of English-speaking readers, for example, implies that the winner is the first person that is numbered as the 1st. The placement of the winner on the other side of the card makes its reading and interpretation quite confusing.

5)  Logical constraints

The spelling of the word ‘Europe’ is wrong judging from the implication of the advertisement. The logical constraint is obvious since the advertisement implies that ‘UR’ has to be inserted in the word with two missing letters. However, as soon as one inserts those letters, the word is misspelled. The logical constraint is obvious. On the one hand, there is obvious intention of the author to use the word or letter play to reach the audience, but, on the other hand, the error of the author is also evident and it ruins the desirable effect the author wanted to achieve. Such logical constraints ruin the original message the author wanted to convey to the audience and undermine the effectiveness of a potentially good design.         

6)  When to make the invisible visible

The design of the IT department plate makes the invisible visible, probably too much. The initial intention of the designer of the play to create a stylish IT makes the plate too wordy, while the invisible letter IT become visible but their visibility is tiresome for eyes because of too many letters and words used. The words have too many abbreviations and graphic elements which make the plate too wordy. This is why the visibility of IT abbreviation is annihilated by too make graphic elements created with the help of words and letters, which make the design of the plate tiresome for the reader. To put it in simple words, the message is too repetitive as it repeats one and the same word or words over and over again. For example, IT or information technology is presented with three different elements, IT, information technologies and stylized IT created with words.

7)  What Norman indicates are the problems with doors (describe it and then apply the principle tothe problem that you find)

The problem with the door often occurs because of the lack of visibility, but in case of the door on the image above there is also the problem with the accessibility for people, the door is supposed to be destined for. To put it more precisely, the door has a sign that it is used by people with disabilities, but the problems is that there is a step which people in a wheelchair will never overcome. The step is like the unsurpassable barrier for people with disabilities that will have to climb on the step, but which they cannot physically do.

8)  When sounds should be used and why

Sometimes, the visualization is not enough to make equipment functional and easy to use for consumers. Often the use of sound is essential. At this point, it is possible to refer to the case of the lights on the car which are switched on but drivers may just forget to switch them off that may ultimately result in the discharged battery of the car. In such a situation, the absence of the sound signal, when lights are on but the driver leaves the car, is very uncomfortable. In such a situation, the use of sound signal is the effective solution and it is even essential taking into consideration that drivers may simply forget to switch off the lights and discharge their battery. As a result, the car will not start just because the driver forgot to switch off the lights. Such a situation is very uncomfortable and the use of sound is a simple but effective solution to the problem.

Works Cited:

Making Visible the Invisible

The terms offer and acceptance. (2016, May 17). Retrieved from

[Accessed: March 29, 2024]

"The terms offer and acceptance." freeessays.club, 17 May 2016.

[Accessed: March 29, 2024]

freeessays.club (2016) The terms offer and acceptance [Online].
Available at:

[Accessed: March 29, 2024]

"The terms offer and acceptance." freeessays.club, 17 May 2016

[Accessed: March 29, 2024]

"The terms offer and acceptance." freeessays.club, 17 May 2016

[Accessed: March 29, 2024]

"The terms offer and acceptance." freeessays.club, 17 May 2016

[Accessed: March 29, 2024]

"The terms offer and acceptance." freeessays.club, 17 May 2016

[Accessed: March 29, 2024]
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