Domestic Violence in Canada Essay Example

Introduction

Domestic violence and its consequences as a social problem

Domestic violence is one of the most serious social issues in Canada.  Although the major causes of domestic violence has been widely discussed in scientific literature and the media in recent years, this social phenomenon continues to exist in Canadian society, with serious consequences. In this regard, researchers (Taylor-Butts, 2005) distinguish three groups of victims of domestic violence which are vulnerable to the negative impact of domestic violence, including women, men and children. Moreover, “violence against women has reached epidemic proportions in many societies across the world” (Alhabib, Nur, & Jones, 2010, p. 369). Children are particularly vulnerable to the negative impact of domestic violence because domestic violence has a long-run impact on children and affect their adult life.

The purpose of this research is to identify a set of social and cultural consequences that affect victims of domestic violence, including women and children as the most vulnerable groups exposed to the risk of domestic violence and propose a strategy for helping these women and children to cope with negative effects of domestic violence.

Significance of the study

This study is of great importance because the research question is aimed at identifying the key consequences of the social phenomenon that will help to find the proper solution to the existing problem. The study can help to enhance students’ knowledge on effects of domestic violence in Canada. Besides, this study can be used by the future researchers as a guide. This research will help to develop preventive programs which can replace or reinforce the programs dealing with the consequences of domestic violence, therefore improving the lives of Canadian women and reducing the costs of domestic violence for Canadian society. In actuality, the problem of domestic violence is not the problem of some families or individuals exposed to domestic violence. Instead, domestic violence is a social problem that affects the entire society. Therefore, domestic violence is a social problem because its consequences affect not only offenders and victims of domestic violence but also their social environment.

Definition of the term “domestic violence”

The term “domestic violence” involves the acts of violence and abused toward the members of a household. Domestic violence involves violence turned on a spouse, a child or the elderly cite.

Spheres of impact of domestic violence

There are several forms of violence identified in the domestic environment which influence different spheres of human life. cite

Emotional abuse

Emotional abuse involves humiliation, constant criticism, cause damage to one’s reputation and a wide range of forms of abuse in the domestic environment. Emotional abuse has a profound impact on the emotional sphere and psychological as well as mental condition of victims (Walker, 1999).

Physical abuse

Physical abuse is one of the most widely-spread form of domestic violence which involves physical injuries being caused to victims by the offender, where the victim and offender belong to one and the same family. Psychological abuse affects the physiology of victims cause physical injuries, while in the most severe cases of domestic violence, physical abuse may cause death of victims cite.

Psychological abuse

Psychological effects of abuse are not always evident immediately but psychological abuse is another form of domestic violence which involves the psychological pressure on victims from the part of the offender that causes psychologically negative effects, such as fear, anxiety, stress, or depression. Psychological abuse influences psychological condition of victims. Psychological abuse can cause distress, depression, anxiety or even mental heath problems. Cite

Sexual abuse

Sexual abuse involves aggressive actions of one of the partners in the form of a forced sexual contact. Sexual abuse influences the sexual life of victims and may have both physiological and psychological effects. For instance, victims may have health problems with their reproductive system or catch a serious disease, like HIV (Siemieniuk,  Krentz, Gish, & Gill, 2010), while psychological problems can cause the inability of victims to have stable intimate relations and partners or even problems with their gender identification.

Domestic violence homicides

Domestic violence has negative effects on victims to the extent  that they may suffer severe physical injuries that lead to their death or they may commit suicides under the impact of the regular abuse in terms of domestic violence (Wilson, Johnson & Daly, 1995). In such a way, domestic violence may be one of causes of homicides (Family Violence in Canada: A Statistical Profile, 2014).

The current study

Research question

What are the major consequences of domestic violence in Canada in relation to women and children?

The structure of the paper

This research paper analyzes and discusses the major consequences of domestic violence in Canada. The paper involves the literature review that focuses on the analysis of the latest studies in the field of domestic violence related to Canada. In terms of the current paper, studies dedicated to consequences of domestic violence in Canada comprised the core of the study. After the analysis of the literature and major consequences of domestic violence, the discussion of effects of domestic violence on women and children in Canada was discussed. Finally, the conclusion was made and recommendations were elaborated on the ground of this analysis to help policy makers to develop effective policies aiming at the prevention of domestic violence or minimization of its negative effects.

Literature Review

Statistical data

Statistical data in Canada show that over 653.000 Canadian women and girls have experienced various forms of domestic violence. Over 21% of Canadian women reported incidences of abuse to the police. According to Daoud et al. (2013), 25% of violent crimes are classified as family violence. The statistics (Nixon & Humphreys, 2010) reveals the fact that the problem of domestic violence persists and, in spite of all the efforts of the government, law enforcement agencies and public organisations, this problem still affects a large number of people, including men, women, and children, which women and children being the larger part of the total population affected by domestic violence.

Domestic violence is one of the most serious issues in Canada: according to Daoud et al. (2013), 25% of violent crimes are classified as family violence. Furthermore, for women the possibility to become the crime of domestic violence is significantly higher than for men: for a woman, the probability of becoming the victim of domestic violence in Canada is 0.407%, and for a man this probability is only 0.18% (Brownridge, 2008). Although the rates of family violence are gradually declining, the level of domestic violence against spouses and intimate partners remains high – it is by 2.5 times higher than domestic violence against parents, children and other family members (Daoud et al., 2013). The highest percentage of domestic violence is witnessed for women between 25 and 34 years old.

It is notable that more than 65% of spouses or intimate partners accused of homicide had a previous history of family violence against the victim in Canada (Brownridge, 2008); this statistics illustrates the fact that a large proportion of domestic violence and violence against partners in particular is not reported and is silenced. According to the estimates, the cost of domestic violence against women in Canada was more than $300 per individual per year in 2007, while the budget for addressing domestic violence against women is below $3 per individual (Brownridge, 2008). It is possible to see that domestic violence against women is a serious issue in Canada which has significant social costs and accounts for a large proportion of violent crimes. It is important to address this problem in order to improve the well-being of the Canadian society (Kitzmann, Gaylord, Holt, & Kenny, 2003).

There are numerous programs aimed at helping women who suffered from domestic violence in Canada, but there is a notable gap in research and relevant public programs aimed at identifying the women with the highest risk of becoming the victims of domestic violence and helping them to avoid domestic violence (Nixon & Humphreys, 2010). There are several research papers exploring the risks of domestic violence for different women populations in Canada. According to the research of Daoud, N. et al. (2013), aboriginal women are in the group of risk in Canada, regardless of their socio-economic position: the probability of domestic abuse for them was twice higher than for non-aboriginal women.

There also exist numerous studies exploring the probability of violence for immigrant women. Shirwadkar (2004) finds that Indian immigrant women in Canada are more vulnerable to domestic violence because of policy limitations, social and cultural ties. For instance, many immigrant women in Indian Canadian community suffer from abuse and domestic violence from the part of their husbands or intimate partners (Shirwadkar, 2004). Brownridge and Halli (2002) have identified a more general pattern: they found that domestic violence is more prevalent among immigrant women from developing countries. Furthermore, Brownridge (2008) explored the risks of partner violence for cohabiting and marital couples, and found out that the risk of domestic violence is higher for cohabiting women. Alaggia, Regehra, and Rishchynski (2009) also reveal the higher vulnerability of immigrant women to the risk of domestic violence and long lasting effects of such violence because of the longer exposure to the domestic violence.

Therefore, it is possible to state that possible criteria for women identifying the “group of risk” for domestic violence are immigration (if the woman is from a developing country), aboriginal status and cohabitation (Shirwadkar, 2004). The purpose of this research is to identify a set of social and cultural factors that increase the risk of domestic violence for women, and to propose a strategy for helping these women prevent domestic violence (World Health Organization, 2002). This research will help to develop preventive programs which can replace or reinforce the programs dealing with the consequences of domestic violence, therefore improving the lives of Canadian women and reducing the costs of domestic violence for Canadian society.

In addition, existing statistics reveals the large number of children affected by the problem of domestic violence. At this point, it is worth mentioning a positive trend in the development of domestic violence in relation to children since within a decade from1999 to 2009 the share of children exposed to domestic violence has dropped from 4,7% in 1999 to 2,3% in 2009 (Family Violence in Canada: A Statistical Profile, 2014). Nevertheless, the number of children vulnerable to the risk of domestic violence is still high that is quite dangerous for their further cognitive development and psychological condition (Walker, 1979).

Therefore, women and children are the major risk groups of domestic violence that makes them the most vulnerable to the impact of violence (Wolff & Reingold, 1994). Victims of violence may suffer from physical health problems, negative psychological effects, behavioural changes and other negative effects. However, researchers (Brownridge & Halli, 2002) argue that domestic violence has a broader social effect. Domestic violence can cause profound social problems, such as growing divorce rates; economic problems, such as underperformance of victims of domestic violence at the workplace; and others.

The major consequences of domestic violence in Canada

The consequences of domestic violence on victims are immense. Today domestic violence is one of the major risk factors for women. Millions of women experience economic difficulties, physical and psychological problems. The effect of domestic violence on families in Canada is devastating because many women make efforts to escape abuse and lose their homes (Family Violence in Canada, 2014).  However, the impact of domestic violence on children is even more devastating because children have little opportunities to escape and, more important, they do not even know that they can be protected from domestic violence. On the contrary, often children take domestic violence for granted (Murphy, 2009). As a result, children are at high risk of committing suicide compared to women as victims of domestic violence because they cannot find the way out of domestic violence. Hence, if children cannot afford abuse, they can try to commit a suicide as the only escape from domestic violence.

  1. Economic consequences

Economic consequences of domestic violence are significant but they affect adult victims mainly. For instance, in case of female victims of domestic violence, women often tend to decrease their productivity and performance at work, if they are victims of domestic violence. In addition, they often have to change their job and place of residence, if they decide to escape from their abusive husbands or intimate partners. At the moment, public organisations and government agencies in Canada offer women shelters and rehabilitation programs, but such programs are costly and funded from public funds mainly (Murphy, 2009).

  1. Social consequences

The problem of domestic violence persists for a long time because historically adults perceived children as being subordinated to them. Therefore, historically, adults admitted the possibility of influencing children using different methods, including violent ones. As a result, children became victims of domestic violence, while adults took domestic violence for granted. At the same time, it is important to distinguish another form of domestic violence, when children were not exposed to domestic violence directly but witnessed domestic violence in relationships between spouses (Malinosky-Rummell & Hansen, 1993). Such manifestations of domestic violence could and still can affect children too. However, in the past, people were unaware of the impact of domestic violence on children (Kitzmann et al., 2003). Moreover, even today many people believe there is nothing wrong with domestic violence or violence being used in the process of educating of children (Kitzmann et al., 2003). Existing researchers reveal a number of negative effects of domestic violence but still many people believe that violence is essential or inevitable in the process of educating of children (Kitzmann et al., 2003). In this regard, it is important to study the scope of the impact of domestic violence on children and to reveal possible effects of domestic violence in terms of their behaviour and cognitive development.

The emergence of the problem of domestic violence occurred along with the rise of feminist movement and growing awareness of the population of children’s rights (Murphy, 2009). To put it more precisely, the problem of domestic violence remained unnoticed by the public because men often slip to domestic violence. As a result, the public opinion could not rise against domestic violence in the male-dominated society. However, as the feminist movement emerged, the public has grown aware of women’s and children’s rights, while the problem of domestic violence became obvious (Pottie Bunge, 2002). In such a situation, the public could not ignore the problem of domestic violence, while numerous researches (Wolf, 2002) conducted in this field have revealed a number of negative effects of domestic violence on children.

On the other hand, the problem of domestic violence remains very difficult to resolve because often cases of domestic violence remain hidden from the public eye since victims of domestic violence are afraid of talking of their problem, while offenders are not willing to uncover their abusive behaviour (Blood, 1995). In this regard, researchers conducted studies (Blood, 1995) to uncover major symptoms of the impact of domestic violence on children. In addition, domestic violence widens generation gaps between people (Pollak, 2004). As a result, children become even more alienated from their parents, who fail to close generation gaps but only make them wider applying abusive and violent behavior patterns to their children (Letourneau, Fedick, & Willms, 2007).

As a rule, children, who have been abused manifest such behaviour and psychological patterns as a poor self image; sexual acting out; inability to trust or love others; aggressive, disruptive, and sometimes illegal behaviour; anger and rage; self destructive or self abusive behaviour, suicidal thoughts; passive, withdrawn or clingy behaviour; fear of entering into new relationships or activities; anxiety and fears; school problems or failure; feelings of sadness or other symptoms of depression; flashbacks, nightmares; drug and alcohol abuse; sleep problems (Malinosky-Rummell & Hansen, 1993).

However, such symptoms and effects may be traced in children, who were directly opened to the impact of domestic violence, i.e. children, who were openly victimized. In this regard, some specialists (Malinosky-Rummell & Hansen, 1993) point out that domestic violence may have a negative impact on children, even if there is no direct exposure of children to domestic violence. For instance, children may witness domestic violence in relationships between spouses, while children remain uninvolved in acts of domestic violence. However, researchers (Wolf, 2002) argue that even when children witness acts of domestic violence, such violence may have a negative impact on children’s psychology and cognitive development (Wolf, 2002).

In addition, researchers (Malinosky-Rummell & Hansen, 1993) point out that effects of domestic violence may be long run and short run. Early manifestations of domestic violence can be traced through sleep problems, the high level of anxiety, aggressiveness or disintegration of children from their peer groups, and other manifestations. Researchers (Malinosky-Rummell & Hansen, 1993) insist on psychological help being provided for such children along with the prevention of domestic violence in their families through social workers and, if necessary, law enforcement agencies. At the same time, social effects of domestic violence may be paradoxical. For instance, some researches reveal the fact that “abused women get caught in a cycle of violence and are unable or unwilling to leave their spouses” (Bowlus & Seitz, 2006, p. 1113). In fact, abused women stay with their abusive partners and keep suffering from domestic violence that may be the evidence of  their possible social disintegration because women cannot live outside their families and they become too dependent on their abusive spouses or partners.

Health-related problems

  • Psychological effects

Specialists (Malinosky-Rummell & Hansen, 1993) distinguish different effects that indicate to the explosion of children to domestic violence, including the following: anxiety or increased fear; depression; loss of interest in school, friends or other things they enjoyed in the past; sleep problems including nightmares or bedwetting; increased aggression; anger; spending more time alone; fighting at home or at school; bullying or being bullied; changes in appetite. Symptoms to watch out for in adolescents include: drug or alcohol abuse; skipping school; changes in peer groups; new rebellious or oppositional behaviour; declining grades; social withdrawal; depression or anxiety; loss of interest in school, friends or other things they enjoyed in the past (Roeher Institute, 1995). Furthermore, victims of domestic violence can develop serious physical health problems, including HIV and other disease which may threaten to the life of victims (Siemieniuk, et al., 2010)

Similar effects may be traced in women, who suffer from domestic violence and abuse (Brownridge & Halli, 2002). However in case of children psychological effects may be more dangerous because children’s personality is just forming and they do not have clear system of values; they may have difficulties with distinguishing what is right and what is bad. In such a situation, their psychological development suffers considerably (Walby & Allen, 2004). They may face considerable problems with their socialization because domestic violence is often accompanied with the isolation and exclusion of peers from their peer groups as they try to avoid their peers (Walby & Allen, 2004). Moreover, negative psychological effects of domestic violence can be traced in the long run. For instance, in adulthood, people suffering from domestic violence in childhood may follow violent models of behaviour, which they have learned from their parents.

  • Post-traumatic stress disorder

One of the most dangerous effects of the domestic violence, especially in relation to children, is the post-traumatic stress disorder, which is a psycho-somatic disorder which has long lasting effects and requires the complex treatment involving the assistance not only psychologists but also health care professionals, including mental health care professionals (Rosenbaum, 1990). Existing rehabilitation programs oriented on the help of victims of domestic violence in Canada offer victims psychological assistance but often the problem of post-traumatic stress disorder remains unresolved and victims keep suffering from the progressing disorder without receiving the proper treatment. The risk of serious psychological and mental health problems in elderly people suffering domestic violence is particularly high because of their vulnerability to develop such serious problems under the impact of stressors and abusive behaviour of their family members (Puchala, Paul, Kennedy, & Mehl-Madrona, 2010)

  • Other effects of domestic violence

Domestic violence has a destructive impact on both women and children (Pottie Bunge & Locke, 2000). In this regard, physical and psychological problems are very strong (Pottie Bunge, 2000). However, domestic violence has a large scale social effect. Children suffering from domestic violence feel being abandoned by their social environment. Women suffering from domestic violence have problems with the development of new social relations and so do children, who may have problems with their socialisation (Rosenfl & Harmon, 2002). As a result, community lose members, who suffer from domestic violence, because they cannot develop normal social relations and prefer isolation instead of closer social relations and communications with other community members.

  • Discussion

Domestic violence is highly recognized as serious social problem not only in Canada, but across the world. A large number of people are victimized each year. At the moment, children and women are at the highest risk of victimization, while negative effects of domestic violence in relation to children may affect their adult life and behaviour (Alaggia, Jenney, Mazzuca, & Redmond, 2007).There is a need for developing an effective strategy that will help women to prevent domestic violence. In this regard, it is important to place emphasis on the fact that consequences of domestic violence have long lasting negative economic and social effects (Wilson & Daly, 1993). Physical and psychological problems of victims of domestic violence comprise just a part of the problem, whereas social and economic effects are even more devastating because they have the negative impact not only on victims but also on the entire society. Erroneously, many people, who do not confront the problem of domestic violence ignore this problem, being unaware of the fact that they are also vulnerable to the impact of this problem. . According to Ansara and Hindin (2010a), “only women experienced a severe and chronic pattern of violence and control involving high levels of fear and injury” (p. 849).  Moreover, many people respond in a violent way to violent behaviour of their intimate partners but they are unaware of the fact that “in violent resistance, the individual is violent but not controlling; the partner is the violent and controlling one” (Johnson, 2006, p. 1003). In such a way, violent resistance is ineffective since it can only breed violence but not control, which is the major condition of the prevention of domestic violence. This is why in violent couples when violence is used in defense domestic violence persists. The deterioration of the productivity and performance of victims of domestic violence at work has a negative impact on the economy. The social impact of domestic violence also affects the entire society but not only victims of domestic violence. Social effects of domestic violence include the exclusion of community members, suffering from domestic violence (Purcell, Pathé & Mulen, 2000). Moreover, children, who have suffered from domestic violence, can develop violent models of behaviour in their adult life. They become more aggressive and view violence as the effective way to resolve conflicts.

In such a context, the problem of domestic violence and its negative consequences should not be viewed in narrow offender-victim paradigm. Instead, the problem of domestic violence should be viewed in broader terms as a social problem (Taylor-Butts, 2005). Consequences of the domestic violence also affect the entire society. At the moment, Canadian government, law enforcement agencies and public organisations focus on the resolution of the problem of domestic violence and prevention of its negative effects (Tjaden & Thoennes, 1998a). However, they should unite their efforts to make their work effective. Otherwise, they will be unable to resolve the problem of domestic violence and prevent its negative effects.

Implications

  1. Implications for future research

Further studies of the problem of domestic violence are needed to reveal effective ways of the prevention of domestic violence in Canadian families (Ansara & Hindin, 2010a). Parents should take responsibility for the prevention of domestic violence. Researchers insist “the quality of the relationships that parents, particularly mothers, have with their children is a potent predictor of children’s future development” (Letourneau et al., 2007, p. 649).  Therefore, the no-violent behavior of parents and avoidance of any form of abuse can help to prevent the problem of domestic violence not only in families of non-violent parents but also in families of their children. In this regard, the study of the impact of domestic violence on men may help to uncover another side of the problem, which has been under-researched in terms of the current study. Existing studies (Ansara & Hindin, 2010b) reveal the fact that individuals’ experiences of violence, abuse and control can be used to determine the major health, social and safety needs.  It is necessary to develop effective programs and services aimed at addressing these needs and reducing violence against women. Therefore, further studies in this field can help to elaborate effective preventive programs which can minimize negative effects of domestic violence and prevent the problem at large.

  1. Theory

The current study as well as further studies of the problem of domestic violence and its negative effects gives implications for the development of theoretical framework which can explain the impact of domestic violence of offenders, victims and society (Van Wormer & Odiah 1999). In this regard, the feminist theoretical perspective is applicable to the current study since the study has revealed the fact that women suffer from domestic violence from the part of men, who tend to violent behaviour and abuse of women and children (Tjaden & Thoennes, 1998b). However, the adequate explanation of consequences domestic violence is possible on the condition of the profound analysis of the problem from different theoretical perspectives.

  1. Policy

The current research reveals the fact that the problem of domestic violence persists, while its consequences are large scale that means that this problem should not be underestimated (Tjaden & Thoennes, 2000). At the moment, the policy conducted by the government is not efficient because it cannot prevent the problem of domestic violence and its negative effects. In this regard, it is possible to recommend developing a new policy based on the close interaction of government agencies, law enforcement agencies, and public organisations that should help victims of domestic violence to minimize its negative effects. In this regard, researchers recommend “framing of domestic violence could be advanced through the use of a social movement frame that draws on issues of intersectionality” (Nixon & Humphreys, 2010). At the moment, the investment in prevention programs for survivors is still inadequate. Hence, policy makers should find effective interventions to combat various forms of violence against women and other victims of domestic violence (Garcia-MorenoI & Watts, 2011). Moreover, Canadians should become aware of the importance of the prevention of domestic violence. In this regard, the development of educational programs can help to prevent the problem of domestic violence in the long run. At the moment, according to Enarson (1999), many Canadian and U.S. domestic violence programs reflect organizational readiness, impact, and response. However, their efforts are not enough so far to prevent cases of domestic violence in Canada. Consequently, policy makers and public organisations should apply more efforts and develop new policy to resolve the problem of domestic violence. In this regard, effective ways to decrease negative effects of domestic violence should involve the resolution of economic problems of victims and offenders. It has been found that domestic violence can be prevented if the socio-economic position of women is improved (Daoud, et al., 2012).

Conclusion

Thus, it is necessary to conclude that the major cause and consequences of domestic violence in Canada require thorough application to the existing legislation, which has some gaps. Women in Canada are the main victims of domestic violence. Domestic violence legislation in Canada should protect not only married women, but also young women in unmarried intimate relationships. Domestic violence has destructive effects on victims of the violence as well as on the entire society. This is why Canada needs to enhance its policies aiming at the prevention of violence.

 

 

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The terms offer and acceptance. (2016, May 17). Retrieved from

[Accessed: March 28, 2024]

"The terms offer and acceptance." freeessays.club, 17 May 2016.

[Accessed: March 28, 2024]

freeessays.club (2016) The terms offer and acceptance [Online].
Available at:

[Accessed: March 28, 2024]

"The terms offer and acceptance." freeessays.club, 17 May 2016

[Accessed: March 28, 2024]

"The terms offer and acceptance." freeessays.club, 17 May 2016

[Accessed: March 28, 2024]

"The terms offer and acceptance." freeessays.club, 17 May 2016

[Accessed: March 28, 2024]

"The terms offer and acceptance." freeessays.club, 17 May 2016

[Accessed: March 28, 2024]
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